Practice English Speaking&Listening with: Lecture 10: Bank Performance Measures - V

Good morning, in the previous class we discussed about certain performance measures related

to the non-interest in common non-interest expenses and as well as the productivity of

the employees, particularly the full time employees which are working in the organization

or who are basically contributing this growth process of the commercial banks for a fixed

period of time or may be over the time they are contributing in terms of various operational

activities of the commercial banking system.

So, in todays discussion we will be discussing about 2 things, one thing is that the banks

are basically facing different type of costs or the expenses are basically many or the

sources of expenses are largely affecting the total profit of the commercial banks.

So, whenever the commercial banks do the operations in the various activities, they regularly

face certain kind of cost or there are many cost involved in the different aspects.

Then what are those different ways or different methods or different strategy the commercial

banks can adopt to manage that cost?

And more particularly to minimize that cost?

So that is the first objective of todays discussion.

And second thing is there is a concept called the Transfer Pricing, which is basically nothing

but internal rate of return of the commercial banks for the deposit and lending activities,

that how that transfer pricing is defined and what are those different methods which

are available to calculate that transfer pricing that also we will be discussing today.

So, let us first discuss about the cost management strategies, what the commercial bank adopt

to minimize the cost what they incur for the day to day regular operations, then after

that we can discuss about the transfer pricing.

Whenever we talk about the cost management strategies, the strategies can be made in

various ways with a different objectives.

With different objectives, the cost management strategies can vary.

How basically this particular concept works?

The cost can be managed for reducing the expenses, there are various sources of expenses, the

commercial bank and can minimize that particular expenses by using certain kind of strategy

or by following certain kind of strategy.

They can also minimize the cost by increasing their operating efficiency, may be that if

it is not possible to reduce the expenses because of certain issues, then the commercial

banks can also reduce the cost by increasing their operational efficiency or they can also

follow certain kind of strategy which will help them to maximize the revenue or the income

enhancement can be made.

And the third thing is they can also follow certain process through which the contribution

from the various sources or the growth process which is happing due to the contribution of

the different sources that also can be managed properly.

So, there are 4 ways the commercial banks can manage their cost.

So, one by one, if you see that what are those different ways the reduction of expenses can

take place?

What are those different way the operating efficiency can be maximized?

And what are the different ways the revenue can be enhanced?

And how the contribution growth also can play a significant role in the cost management?

So, first of all if you see that the expense reduction.

In the expense reduction, how basically the commercial banks can do this or how they can

reduce their expenses?

If you observe the expenses can be reduce by many ways, first of all you see any commercial

banks because it is a branch banking system you have unit banking or verses the branch

banking.

So, whenever we talk about the branch banking system, in the branch banking system what

happens that the banks operates with multiple branches which are spread across the different

geographical regions.

But you will find there are certain branches which are profit making or really they are

generating or contributing the total revenue of this particular bank, but there are certain

branches which are non-profit making.

So, the first of all what the commercial banks do, if really this some of the branches are

not able to generate the adequate amount of the profit then the commercial bank can reduce

those type of branches which are not contributing with the growth process.

And also the other benefits what the commercial banks give to the employees, for the example

medical benefits and all, they can also follow a different strategy or they can reduce that

particular cost in many ways, may be through this insurances policies and all this things.

They can also reduce the benefits what there given to their employees.

So, this is the example only, this is the way the first, the commercial banks can minimize

their expenses.

On each reduce the number of non-profit generating branch, reduce the medical benefits and other

benefits by the different other ways which can help them to reduce their cost in the

beginning of the stages.

Other one is you see that the basic job of any organization including commercial banks

the accusation of the data and the analysis of this data.

So, whenever we are going by this data processing, if the regular employees of the organization

will go for the data processing, sometimes it may be costlier for the banks, because

either the commercial banks employees may not be that competent enough to process the

data in efficient manner or the commercial banks have to establish a huge fix step up

or have to acquire different type of fixed infrastructure for analysing this data, as

well as they have to employee the expert people or the people who have the competency for

processing this data.

So, instead of that what the commercial banks can do?

They can outsource this data processing services, wherever the banking knowledge is not required

to analyse this data only the numerical data are required for certain kind of analysis,

so for those kind of services they can outsource the data from the different agencies who have

the expertise for analysing the data, by that also they can reduce certain cost.

Because they do not have to step up a fixed kind of infrastructure which really contributes

to processing the data within the organization including the commercial bank.

So, outsourcing the data also helps the commercial banks for reductions of the expenses.

So, instead of employing many levellers who are employees the fulltime employees of the

organization, if a particular point of time for any specific region the man power is required

to analysis or to process the data, then it is always better to have more temporary or

contractual workers.

So in that what basically the banks basically is not obliged to do, they may not be obliged

for their other pensions benefits and the other fixed benefits what they provide to

the regular employees.

So, only on day to day basis the salaries and wages will in incur for this this kind

of workers, so through that process also they can reduce the cost.

Then elimination of the redundant tasks, there are some kind of tasks, there are some kind

of assignments what the commercial banks employees do which are not required or which is not

important.

So, whenever they busy or they engage themselves for this kind of work they that basically

takes time and if you consider the time value of money then basically you can observe there

is huge amount of cost the bank incurs.

So, if the commercial banks can identify which are those redundant tasks already available

within the organization and they can reduce that particular task and they can identify

those task fast and after that they will try to reduce those kind of task in this particular

step up.

And another most important thing in todays context is digitalization.

So whenever we are making the system digitalized or we are making the system more efficient

in terms of technology or in terms of the use of software and all these things for analysing

the all those information then that also reduce this employment cost as well as the cost which

are incur in terms of the different kinds of benefits.

And as well as the efficiency also can increase through this particular system, so that is

way, that is the way also another way through which the expense reduction can be taken place.

So, this are the different ways, there are many other ways but these are the measure

methods or measure ways through which the expense reduction of the commercial banks

can take place or can happen.

Then next thing is if you see that other one is operating efficiencies, either they can

go for the strategies which are able to or which are helpful for them to reduce this

expenses or they can also increase the operating efficiencies.

How this operating efficiency can be achieved?

First one is they can reduce the cost but maintain the level of products and services.

So, how it is possible?

The cost can be reduce whenever the total output what the commercial banks are getting

today the same output level will be maintained but the cost will be reduced.

So, that basically can be done by increasing this operating efficiency, for utilizing this

information which are available to the commercial banks in an effective manner.

So, that basically can happen to find out the alternatives where they can generate certain

kind income or the income level can increase, in comparison to the existing income level

but the level of current expenses will remain same.

So, if they can look for certain opportunities or certain kind of alternatives which are

available in this particular market and if they will invest the money in those kind of

assets, so those kind of investments may be income level will go up, but the whatever

expenses they are incurring now the expenses may be remain same, or may be remain fixed.

So, in that context also the operating efficiency can be increased.

Then also another thing is improvement of the workflow, they can also improve their

workflow to increase the operating efficiency within this particular organization.

So these are the different ways the operating efficiency of the commercial banks can increase

to increase their profitability and as well as also to decrease this cost what they are

incurring.

Then the next thing is that how this operating efficiency can be attained?

First of all the operating efficiency can be attainted reduce the work force, particularly

we are talking about the disguised unemployment, there are many a times we have observed that

many employees work in the organization who are not productive or without them also the

total productivity or total products of the particular organizations may not be effected

or may not be declined.

So because of that identify those workforce and try to reduce those workforce who are

not required exactly to maximize the return or the profit of the commercial banks and

another thing also increasing the work requirements.

The requirements what whatever assignments this particular employees are doing, they

can increase this work requirements and once the complexity or the work requirements will

increase, that will also help the employees to enhanced there expertise and as well as

that indirectly or directly will contribute the cost minimization and the profit maximization.

And already this economies of scale and economies of scope that already we have discussed in

the beginning, what do mean by this economies of scale?

Economies of scale exists when the banks average cost decreases as the output increases, what

how basically it exactly means?

For example if the bank is producing or any organization is producing the 20 amounts of

the product, the 20 amount of products.

And now they have started producing 30 amounts of the products and for the producing 20 amounts

of the products what they are basically doing?

There, basically let incurring the fixed cost of 100 rupees and variable cost of 50 rupees,

or variable cost of 80 rupees.

So in that case per unit cost is around is 100 plus 80 divided by 20, let 9 rupees, so

they are incurring 9 rupees.

But if they will increase if very still a capacity utilization, what they can do?

They can increase their product amount of product total quantity to 30.

If they will increase the total quantity to 30 but for that they have not added any extra

fixed cost, let the fixed cost remain same.

If the fixed cost remain same because already fixed cost means it is a machines, land, the

fixed capitals which are existing to the organization.

So those are a part of the fixed cost.

The fixed cost is same only we have to employee more labour for or may be some variable cost

has to be increased to increase this output.

So, in that sense let in the previous case the total variable cost was 80, so this is

your fixed cost, this is your fixed cost and this is your variable cost, so if the fixed

cost remain same and the variable cost rate has increased by another 10 units.

So then the total variable cost become 90, so now what is happing but you have increased

the total output up to 30.

So now if you see that it is nothing but that 190 divided by 30, the 190 divided by 30 we

are making obviously it will be less than the 9 rupees.

Which were the unit cost what we are making or the bank is incurring whenever they were

producing 20 units of the products.

So, in that case then that time what we can say that there is a economy of scale which

is happing, because the average cost is declining, because the fixed cost remains same and only

the variable cost is changing.

So that is why the commercial bank can increase the varieties of the products in the or may

be the same product they can try to produce more or they can offer more, by that what

basically will happen that they can minimize this average cost.

Economies of scope, already we have defined.

Here what is happing we can increase the number of product varieties of the products in the

same line of business.

Because commercial bank is a financial institution, they provide the financial products, so instead

of confining themselves to a single or may be very few amount of or few types of the

product, they can increase that particular varieties of the product by that what basically

they can do using the same logic they are not incurring much cost in terms of the fixed

cost, only the variable cost will change, so because of that the unit cost also will

decline in that regard.

So, therefore there how the joint cost providing several product change, as new products are

added and the existing output is enhanced.

So, the argument here is the joint cost will grow by much less than the costs associated

with producing the products or providing the services independently.

So, whenever we are jointing or may be increasing more number of product into that where the

line of business is same in the same logic the unit cost also will go down in that senses.

So, in that case also we can say the operating efficiency can be achieved.

Then we have the revenue enhancement strategies, what are those revenue enhancement strategies?

Changing the price of the specific product and services with high volume of business.

The commercial banks have to identify that which are the different products which are

highly demanded in the market, where the more number of customer or the stakeholders are

really going to invest or going to buy in that kind of product or they want to put their

position in that product.

So, here what they can do by analysing those thing they can increase or decrease the price

on the bases of the elasticity of the demand of that particular product in the market.

So, that is why they can change the price basically we are talking about the price elasticity,

if you change the price of the specific product which are really demanded or not demanded,

accordingly also the revenue can be enhanced, or can be increased.

So, therefore identify the products and services that exhibit price elastic inelastic demand.

So, if you get that then it will have a clear cut idea, if you change the price whether

the particular product will be demanded in the open market or not, increase in price

reduces the demand for the product, but the proportionate decrease in the demand is less

than the proportionate increase in the price.

And the expansion of the volume keeping the price constant this is another strategy, so

keep your price constant if you find that if you change the price it will change the

behaviour of the clients or the consumers for that particular product.

So, to avoid that thing what basically you can do, you can keep your price remain constant,

because you are not going to play with this investors mind or the stakeholders mind then

you can do you can expand the volume of this particular product what have already you are

producing or what basically services you are offering.

Then enlarge, you can enlarge the base of the consumers by increasing the product quality.

Only one way in the competitive world you can attract more customers, more consumers

or client, whenever the quality of the product enhances.

So, in that sense what is happing that if the product quality is enhanced so the consumer

will be more incline to use that product or will demand that product.

So, if they will go for demanding more product then that also will be will have the impact

on the unit cost of producing that product or unit cost of providing services with respect

to that kind of business.

So, in that sense so these are the different ways or different strategies what the commercial

banks can adopt to maximize their revenue.

And obviously if the revenue maximization will be done then even if the cost remain

same still the profits of the particular organization or particular commercial bank will increase.

Then the next one is Contributing Growth, so here what basically the commercial banks

have to do?

They have to allocate the resources to improve the overall long-term profitability.

So, the resource allocations should be done in such way that in very short period of time

may be this return is not realized and there are certain kind of problems the commercial

bank can face in terms of generating profit.

But once this particular business will reach the breakeven point you can observe that it

will have a long run sustainability, or the growth, or the profit of the company, or profit

of the bank can be increased in the long run or in the long period of time.

So, in the short run you may not realize that particular return, but in the long run the

return will be obviously realized in that sense.

Then increase in expenditure should be associated with increase in associated revenue, you see

for any kind of changes for the sake of changes we should not change certain things within

this particular system.

So, whenever we are going to incur certain kind of cost we are going to increase the

expenditure we have to see that the proportionate increase in the expenditure should be less

than the proportionate increase in the revenues.

So, the cost what we were incurring for the new line of business or expansion of the business

and all this things, obviously the cost should be lesser then the revenue what we are generating

for this.

So, in that case you have to be very much careful whenever you are adopting or investing

money in the new technology digitalization of the system and all this things.

So, in that particular point of time it incurs a basically it requires a huge expenditure,

it need a huge expenditure whenever we are going for certain kind of majors to enhanced

the profitability in the long run.

But thorough analysis has to be made whether really this investment what we are making

whether really it is going to helpful or going to help the commercial banks in the long run

to generate a sustainable amount of the profits.

So, this is the way the another type of strategy can work in this particular system.

Then another thing already I told you in the beginning, there is a concept called transfer

price, what exactly the transfer price is?

I can start this example in this case what exactly the transfer price is?

Let in one particular bank there are two step ups, one is in a market there are a particular

bank who has 500 branches, if there are 500 branches, out of the 500 branches for example

the total branches are 500 and out of that the 300 branches or 400 branches are generating

profit, their income level is more than the cost.

But another 100 branches are there who are basically is not able generate the revenue

in that ever, what that in that way where they can maximize their or they can minimise

their cost.

So, in that case or if there is a certain kind of scarcity for them to run their business.

But there is surplus for this 400 banks, then the surplus amount in this 400 banks can be

transmitted to the 100 bank which are in the deficits.

So, in that particular point of time the deficits banks will provide certain kind of return

to the surplus unit to get back that particular fund or to get that fund, so that is basically

nothing but the internal flow of the funds within this particular system.

So, that is why the rate of interest which is charged to get that particular fund that

is nothing but the transfer price.

So, it is an internal rate of interest used to calculate the transfer income or the cost

due to an internal flow funds of a bank.

It can happen between the different branches, it can also happen between lenders and the

borrowers within the banking system.

So, it is basically internal cash flow which is happening and we are trying to price that

particular asset in the particular system.

So, there is transfer cost for each loan and there is a transfer income for each deposit,

because it is a internal flow which is happening within this particular system.

And the difference between the interest rate and the transfer price whatever interest rate

you are charging in general and the transfer price is basically called the interest margin

which allows to calculate the internal interest profit on a transaction.

So, how much income you are generating and how much income, how much interest basically

you are bearing that differences will basically will give you the idea about the interest

margin.

So this what the definition of the transfer price.

There are many methods to calculate the transfer price.

What are those methods?

There is a single pool method, in the single pool method same one and only transfer price

rate is assigned to all loans and deposits.

Irrespective of their maturity, irrespective of the other characteristics of the loans,

for the deposit we are lending, we are using one single interest rate, whenever there is

an internal flow which is happening within this particular system.

So, there is no difference in price on the product with various re-pricing and maturity

characteristics.

So, that is way basically the single pool method works in the system.

And how this interest rate is calculated?

The interest rate is basically this transfer price is calculated as a weighted average

rate of interest of all asset and liabilities of the commercial bank.

But there are certain de-merits because all the loans are not same, all the deposits are

not same, because of that the single pool method may not be practically applicable whenever

we are going for the transfer pricing.

Then we have another one the double pool method or the split pool method.

Here the average loan rate is used as a transfer price for loans and the average deposit rate

is used as transfer price for the deposit.

So, in the beginning in the single pool method we are using a single transfer rate for loans

and as well as deposits but whenever we are going for a double pool method we are basically

averaging out the loan rate, we are finding a transfer price for the loans and we are

averaging out the deposit rates to find out the transfer price of the deposits.

So, that is the difference between the single pool and the split pool methods or the double

pool methods.

Then we have a multiple method also.

So, in the multiple methods the products are divided into different pools on the basis

of the maturity.

So, the bank basically establishes a set of transfer price for each product pool, one

price for each pool.

And it is again calculated as the average interest rate on assets and deposits in each

pool.

With the same maturity whatever assets and liabilities are there or whatever deposits

and loan are there, that basically they will consider one rate for them, with a different

maturity there is different rate, so like that across the maturity in the different

group of the maturity the rates are calculated.

At any point of time, the rates prevailing in the market is accepted as cost of the funds

which is suitable for the banks.

And there transfer price assign to each pool is based on its maturity and the market rates

prevailing for again that particular assets on that particular point of time with respect

to that maturity.

For assets, which carry the interest income, the transfer price is negative in order to

calculate the cost of the funds, for liabilities bearing interest cost the transfer price is

positive, which shows the internal income attributed to the funds raised.

So the transfer price basically change from one period to another period depending upon

the market interest rate.

And because of that the length of the period needs to be also determined.

That what in with what frequency the interest rate is changing.

Then we have another method, we have called the Matched Rate Method, in this method the

prices are assigned to each transaction separately instead of the pool transactions, for each

asset or each transaction the prices are different which is more complex in nature.

So, these are the different methods which are used for the transfer pricing.

So, coming back to the conclusion the cost management strategies for commercial banks

include method of different methods of expense reduction, increasing operating efficiencies,

enhancement of revenue and proper allocation of the resource.

Then the transfer price is nothing but internal rate of interest, which is used to calculate

the transfer income or the cost due to an internal flow.

And there are methodologies which are used to calculate the transfer price, this are

basically your single pool method double pool method multiple pool method or the matched

rate method.

So, these are the different ways or different methods we use for measuring the transfer

price for a particular commercial bank.

So, this is about the oral idea about the performance measures then we can move to the

values and all this thing in the forthcoming sessions, evaluation of the stocks and evaluation

of the different fixed income securities which are the different securities which are associate

with the commercial banks that will be discussing in the forthcoming sessions.

These are the references what you can go through for this particular session.

Thank you.