Hi Good morning have you gone through the lists Have you tried to find out different
plants name Have you tried to understand how the names are given Do you find it interesting
In fact I will tell you you will get more excited once you start exploring individual
trees by its name And it is again you know I will take a human analogy It is if somebody
is trying to assess you then the 1st reference is your name and then all your characteristics
or traits Same is for the plants
If you want to if you want plant as an element or component in your landscape to be used
then the 1st thing what you should do is know its name and then try to explore all its characteristics
So so far in the last lecture I discussed about how to rectify the names and trying
to at least get a hint of some distinctive characteristics from the 2nd part of the name
I hope this makes it exciting to you
Next thing what you should know is if suppose you know a name and then you try to know about
its all characteristics all attributes this I will go a little faster because in my 2nd
series of lectures in which I will go into the great detail of all these things but here
I should do justice by at least exposing you to all the kind of attributes that we take
into consideration for our landscape purposes because we are discussing about the basic
fundamentals So here it would be I would say a tip of the iceberg in terms of what you
are learning
In the advanced courses once we (2:02) at that time you will find there are a lots of
things will be discussed against each of them Okay The characteristics or attributes
You refer that particular list in which I said identity or identification spread height
and all that Again I will say all these are not written in terms of its priority but what
are these let me quickly explain Spread Spread you will see with respect to 2 things Spread
is basically diameter on maturity Means if suppose refer to this particular sketch If
suppose there is a tree which has the foliage On maturity this particular diameter is considered
to be the spread So spread means the (dia) the extent the extent the the maximum extent
the foliage reaches at its full maturity
That is a spread After that what happens is after that it grows keeps on growing but this
spread doesn’t change much So I’m very much concerned about this dimension whenever
I’m selecting this particular tree to be located in my landscape So when you are saying
this spread I will also like to draw your attention to one particular point in terms
of 2 forest phenomena one is called ominous other is called adaptation
These 2 I will come to but before that there is one more thing The tree is not necessarily
just merely a kind of trunk and the foliage It has also a root So whenever let me discuss
here itself again if I am going to go to your roots root structure I am also concerned about
when I am thinking about the spread I am also concerned about the spread of the roots How
much extent is going to go through
That thumb rule says I will tell you very there is almost no documents which has (4:13)
substantiated confidence in me saying that okay the roots for this tree is of this spread
I did not find Maybe someday I will find it some research or maybe if anyone of you know
please forward me that particular sources but the result humble We always take it as
a thumb rule that if a tree is fully grown then it is always advisable or safe to take
one third more than the means about say 1 point 3 times
If this is X then take the root spread is 1 point 3 times of the X That means root is
more wider Why this is safe Because you don’t know what is going to happen below the ground
You can see this part you can trim it but this new cannot trim You can but the thing
is it is not regular This you can trim and bring it to a shape if it is conflicting with
other functions but here it cannot
So it is only better that if you know the spread of a tree which you can do what you
know just very simple that you take take a team of experts and go and measure the same
species and the same age of the same locality and keep on measuring the spread and then
you take a average of it you will find that this X will be known to you And just as it
humble role take one third more than that as a spread of the roots That is safer
And what is the dominance in adaptation is I will discuss this later in one of my 2nd
series lectures Let me give just introduce it to you It is very important You know the
trees the different plants they have their intrinsic power Okay That particular power
by which it extracts water from the soil it transpires it spreads its branches and it
takes position in the reality Okay
Now if suppose there is a situation where you have suppose there is one tree here and
there is let me draw it this way you have planted a tree which is of this shape actually
another thing let me tell you in general whenever we are trying to the present study we always
represent like a globe or like a circle most often In plant always a circle because we
hardly found any tree which looks like this hardly unless we tame it and deface it Okay
So most often it is this And suppose you have planted 3 trees one after another and the
tree which is likely to grow in its full matured shape is like this This will give you a good
idea about what dominance and adaptation I am talking about If suppose now in this this
is species A and this is species B and this is species A If A is a dominant species over
B by its own intrinsic strength then what will happen you know
A will try to grow to its full maturity spread B will be now restricted or constructed in
terms of growth So what will happen is there will be some bit of you know some bit of adjustments
at this particular point but A will grow to its full mature spread and B will be restricted
to its full not to this and this A will grow to its full mature spread This is the phenomena
which is found in the forest which is called dominance
Now the question is if suppose now this is A and this is all 3 are A This is A this A
and this is A Then what happens Interestingly just like human culture human system they
will be adapting to themselves They will adjust You note will happen There will be a centreline
coming This will be a centreline If you really measure it will be almost centreline and this
tree will grow to its shape like this this tree will now just to this dimension this
tree will adjust to this dimension
Very interesting phenomenona This is what is called adaptation and this is called dominance
This dominance and adaptation these 2 phenomena do not is regard it You be very very sensitive
about it and whenever you are planting different species one after another that this option
is more you plant them independently consider each of the spread as the dimension and keep
some allowances for you now some kind of uncertainty of growth
What I mean to say by that is if suppose this is A which is at this point base and which
is likely to grow to this size then I would say let your B be allowed to grow to its full
mature shape and then another A which is here Now there is no conflict Each one of them
will grow to its full mature spread Not only spread even the height Now in such case and
then additionally you keep some allowances or clearances between these 2
You are safe trees are safe trees are not disfigured This you take note of okay So what
happens is if suppose now I say that what will be the spacing between these 2 And if
this is that means it is the spread of A by 2 spread A by 2 spread B by 2 plus say 1 to
2 meter in between Let us say 1 meter so your spacing between this tree will be SA by 2
plus 1 plus SB by 2 This is the spacing between this and this Is that clear Is that clear
If you do this you will find that you are in safe situation But at the same time let
me tell you FE kind of experimentation we can do I can deliberately create this If I
want that the B to be disfigured then I will deliberately place them in between in a constructed
position so that B is not allowed to go to beyond this level But what happens if it is
reversed A is dominant it is in the centre then the B and the B this also do need to
know
Then what happens is the B will go to its full mature shape and no A will be restricted
This is what is going to happen if suppose B is in the centre That this is B sorry sorry
this is A dominant one this is B and this is B In that situation this is what is going
to be And not only it is here you know what happens is tree always tends to grow up words
Okay In this kind of situation you know what will happen
The spread has been delimited by the dominance factor but the height is free because it is
clear up what So the tree which was supposed to be growing to this height which was supposed
to be growing to this height will now after restriction will become slender because the
height is there So this height they will reach This is how you should always seek this particular
kind of spread So as I said it is going to have a differential variations in spread
So similarly the root spread which I just now discussed So the thing is you take care
of this spread in full maturity and also the root spread in full maturity and then decide
what should be the placement of this tree
Then comes height You know height you should see in this way For a tree take its full matured
height this height take note of this as a full matured height Okay That in full maturity
what is the height This is what is the height you are referring to But there is another
height that you have to take into consideration when you are designing that is this height
This is what is the clear trunk height So this clear trunk height is the height which
is from the root collar to this socket part of it Okay
Now take note of the height as well as the clear trunk height Then comes the form Form
is basically or profile let me call it profile It will be better profile Let us let us change
this We will call this as profile not form
Okay Profile In this basically what is this profile Profile is when you are looking at
a tree against alighted background see tree has lots of different kinds of pictures irregularities
and all that
When you are looking at it from a distance you look at the trunk You see a trunk a stick
and then a globe above Now when you are looking at this against a lighted background you see
there is a dark patch dark image and that is what is the (())(13:51) image of this and
that represents the profile of this There are different kinds of profiles which are
here It can be broad square round fanlike tapering conical columnal umbrella Let me
try to give a very quick idea about it
So if it is something like this it is broad If it is something like a little of this it
is square If it is something like this round If it is something like fan If it is
tapering If you have this and very sharp conical If you have this like columnal If you have
simply which is like this is umbrella I’m just trying to generate different forms and
point is what name will you give and what is the kind of profile that you are representing
this that is purely up to you
You can always have your freedom in it There is nothing like that this has to be set in
that form But usually it is representing that okay
Then comes the root structure Root structure you know it’s a very essential thing which
I just now said It makes a lot of difference in our plantation things There are different
kinds of roots but let me explain to you slightly more in detail because see for other parts
of the plants and all you maybe you are aware but the roots it needs a little little elaborate
discussion quickly Whenever you look at the root of a tree now if I draw one more thing
that will be good
There is a you know if I draw a single line diagram of a tree then it is a single line
diagram This single line diagram we follow and try to understand This is the ground like
soil line This part is called roots Roots and this part is the shoots Of this this part
is the root collar this is the trunk central leader and this one is are the branches stems
then we have a leaf And then we have wherever it is branching from there is a bud
This particular point where it is branching from is called node and the intermediate zone
between 2 nodes is called internode and then the bud from which the stemming really starts
is called axillary bud and then at the end of each of these brands you have a bud called
epical bud or terminal bud and then in this branch you have a leaf and you also have a
lover which is called influorescence And also you have a fruit okay
If you really see this is a very sketchy diagram of any plant any plant of any form So it has
a root it has a shoot it has central leader it has the taproot it has the secondary roots
that’s how So now I am bringing back to this root structure Basically there are 3
such roots One is the primary roots and there is secondary roots and tertiary roots What
is it It is this
Let me draw it here If suppose there is a tree and then you have a root which is doing
like this it is a primary root Whatever comes from these edges whichever direction these
are secondary roots And from there again whatever roots is coming is a tertiary roots Tertiary
roots also we will have tertiary roots tertiary roots and tertiary roots okay This is how
you try to view the roots
Now the roots will have different kinds See one is the taproot which goes direct another
is a lateral root which which is primarily going to the sides Then you have the fibrous
roots When the taproot and the secondary roots the primary roots and the secondary roots
or taproots and the lateral roots are almost of the equal strength and equal size then
it becomes fibrous roots Okay And when you find that in some cases when the root is very
much going deep into it then it is the taproot
And then you might find sometimes root is also you know it is coming from here and also
going above the ground As I said the starcoli alata example this is called Barkers roots
I will go a little more detail in this in my next flight And then parasite roots is
basically when it is trying to grow from the other branches they are parasite roots Adventitious
roots are basically they are roots which are it grows in different directions from different
parts of the shoots and all that okay
The storage roots are which one where we have a fleshy or say tuberous kind of thing which
you know slightly voluminous Then contractile roots are bulbs which you know looks very
big but if you press it it almost gets pressed like this So it contracts by this The prop
roots are ones which grows from the stems and ultimately leads to the soil Like Banyan
tree where it is something like it will start from these branches and it will generate from
there and it will fall and ultimately get hooked to the soil This is all the Banyans
trees’ situation that you have seen
They are all you know prop roots That and that adventitious roots that you will see
that it comes from the stem If you see that even ficus elastica we will have roots If
you look at the tree certainly you realise that the roots are coming from the stems or
the branches They are there And the aerial roots are epiphytes which are growing again
from the stem And then pneumatopherous roots or oxygenators which does not require soil
So all those roots which are in water are this pneumatopherous roots
I will just show you one more picture in this which will give you some idea That in this
case what happens is you have just see with respect to this sketch pay attention to this
one It is numbered See any roots which are going vertically down as the vertical roots
any roots which are going horizontally towards like this is a horizontal roots Okay And this
particular junction of the trunk and the roots at the intersection of the soil is the root
collar
Then number 4 is the trunk this is what is the trunk and the 5 all these are stems Okay
And number 6 this particular part is called the central leader And then these are main
branches and the other ones small are lateral branches So when you look at the entire tree
profile which I tried to give in a very schematic manner in a single line diagram you will find
in this I didn’t put all those epical birds and all because it is a too complicated drawing
here already
So now what we find that at the end of this you know this lateral branches there will
be an epical bud Now epical bud is responsible for the trees growth If suppose you want to
impede the growth the growth of this you could be epical buds Means you cut the epical buds
other branches will come there will be epical bud You keep on cutting You know what will
happen The branch you not tree will start getting restricted
That is how through this pruning and all these things are created Okay Now some more
In the primary root system you have these profile I’m not going to discuss much on
this because I’m putting this on a slide like this but still they are classified something
like this Like if it is taproot like this is a taproot weakly branching that means branches
are very weak Number 2 if you see the deep branching taproot that means taproot comes
quite below and then after that it branches
Number 3 more branching taproot but that means you have the taproot and the secondary roots
almost in the similar nature So if it is more branching taproots this might ultimately turn
out to be fibrous roots Superficial taproot in which this is a taproot but there are many
other secondary routes which are equally strong Superficial tap anchoring roots means this
particular taproot and after that the other secondary roots also will have anchoring here
And then number 6 is superficial anchoring roots in which the taproot almost nonexistent
The secondary roots are very strong And then we have the anchoring Then we have the palmate
roots it looks like palm leaves Like roots are going in the palm nature Then we have
superficial root in which the taproot is almost negligible Superficial taproot with ascending
coralloid roots means here multiple such roots you know as like corals they almost start
going against these roots
Why all these are superficial wherever the taproot is almost missing Okay Now here superficial
root with aerating roots In such case what happens is that secondary roots are very strong
taproot is very weak and then the aerating roots which are popping out of the soil It
is just like banana tree if you see You know that roots and from there the tree grows There
are many such cases and many of the trees like something like say mango tree you know
similar nature where the roots is going to grow from the secondary one and ultimately
becomes a shoot above
And then you can take it out very carefully out and ultimately grow another mango tree
somewhere else And superficial root system with buttress in which the taproot is almost
missing but the roots are going above the ground the buttress the one just now I said
here in this particular issue tap an example okay So these are different our roots
Now let’s see about the foliages In foliages we have what you have to check is foliage
is which part I am talking about It is this part of the tree not considering the trunk
part okay This part of the tree Then what are the things be seen in this is the overall
overall foliage then evergreen or deciduous that means it has leaf throughout the season
throughout the year or it sheds its leaves intermediately for different seasons
Then what is the density That what number of leaves within the volume then layering
how are they placed over each other Then distribution Distribution means here note I say that there
could be 2 situations I am just drawing very quickly on this Either the leaves are all
uniform distributed all over or it may be the leaves are all distributed over the surfaces
okay This distribution is very important
It is important in terms of solar interception solar radiation and reception and all that
But however you are trying to know about the foliage Are they uniformly distributed like
Bakul tree in which they are very uniformly distributed And here like this a tree called
samaniya saman in which you have all those as peripheral So how it is distributed over
Are they clumped structure just like you know in which the leaves are crusted clumped together
Are they variable irregular or are the peripheral something like see what I am saying here like
are they peripheral on the surfaces And then comes the leaf pattern Whether it is simple
simple leaf or compound leaf what is the size what is the shape what is the edge and what
is the colour and texture Today I will in this discussion I will just introduce you
to this In my next series I would advise you to join my next series of lectures in which
will be lots of details which I will be discussing about this because if I start discussing the
details in this you will lose the actual path okay
But when we are thinking about the leaf pattern what we are seeing is whether simple or compound
or size what is the size of it what is the shape of it what is the edge colour and texture
I will just give you a few examples quick examples You know the relief profile is this
They have different names scientifically developed and they are unique And any leaf that you
see if you compared with this you definitely can make out that which it is what type okay
Subulate acicular filliform linear oblong elliptic ovate obovate Then we have lanceoalate
oblanceolate spatulate orbicular rhomboidal deltoid and reniform
These are different profiles So each leaf is different type Each leaf means each plant’s
leaf is of different profile And that will tell you all these profiles together profiles
and the size and the texture and the edge together if you now combine all these attributes
of a leaf that makes the whole foliage So ultimately the attribute of the foliage is
contributed by these So you have to be really you know knowledgeable about it try to know
about it
Some more in terms of profiles Here the profile is definitely explained You know what happens
is just let me explain You should not think that the leaf which is like this is of this
form Always try to see what is the profile of the top part of it and what is the profile
of the bottom part of it And this is where it is explained here So there are different
kinds of nomenclatures for the top parts and the bottom parts okay
See here acute acuminate Aristate cuspidate microlate mucronate obtuse retuse emarginate
If you see the lower part cuneate attenuate obtuse cordate Auriculate saggitate hastate
If you see this obligue now what happens is see why this knowledge is important You might
find a leaf which has the top part as let us say like retuse Top part is like retuse
What is the bottom part
Bottom part maybe cordate Just take this picture follow this picture bottom part maybe cordate
So when I am looking at it what is the actual profile This particular profile does not match
with my this anyway So we have a combination of such profiles in which you know you have
to now know But let me draw your attention to one more information That is you know this
is retuse
This is the retuse part of it This gives rise to another nomenclature of another you know
ficus group that is called ficus retusa Now how do you differentiate between ficus retusa
and ficus religiosa You should know that even if they are ficus but the retuse retusa tree
must have a leaf which is the top part is this And what is the religiosa’s peepal
tree leaf like Peepal tree leaf if you remember it is like this Is not it
If if this is so then the tape is this than the religiosa’s top part is aristate and
religiosa’s bottom part is cordate That is how you should know about the leaf Okay
Let me go forward quickly Also there is certain thing called as edges So leaves when you are
seeing you are also seeing with respect to the edges edges in terms of entire means very
clean clear or it is sinuate slightly curly or crenate is slightly more is regularly curly
or dentate like almost sawtooth tooth like and serrate is like sawtooth like And serrulate
is very sharp sawtooth like and doubly serrate is you know it is a mix of this
If you now start going through all these things when it comes to parted means there are say
papaya leaves if you remember the papaya leaf is something like you know it is this Or maple
leaf is something like this It is parted Okay So every such identity of the leaf of different
plants have something to offer in terms of its visibility in terms of its existence So
when you are seeing this take note of it
Quickly going through the others In terms of branching habit horizontal spreading angular
branching I will just explain what it is very quickly See horizontal branching is basically
if if a tree is growing horizontally this is horizontal branching Angular branching
is if the tree is growing in angle like bone Fanlike is if the branching is of this nature
Arrowhead is if suppose it is it is like you know like this
Okay Umbrella is if the branching is of this nature Weeping is if the branching is like
this nature Contorted is if the branching is absolutely regular If you follow this this
is horizontal spreading this is angular branching this is fanlike this is Arrowhead which is
umbrella this is weeping or grouping and this is contorted So now one thing keep in mind
there is no correlation between the branching pattern and the foliage profile No
There may be a contorted branching pattern with a very regular profile So do not get
disturbed by that Okay
The next few points in terms of growth pattern We take care of the qualitative fast medium
slow growth or quantitative in terms of growth per year or maturity period And in terms of
soil intolerance we check with the physical properties or texture and the structure of
the soil which I have discussed earlier And the chemical properties in terms of acidity
alkalinity salinity or organic compounds because that makes the plants survivability with respect
to the soil chemistry and the soil structure The physical properties like texture structure
is for roots holding and the chemical properties are for essentially nourishments
In terms of light requirements solved came in a different form In terms of white requirements
what is the minimum light requirement and what is the photoperiodism means how much
time of the day it should get the light and the phototropism means if it does not get
the proper light in that direction then it tends to bendtowards that All these I will
discuss in my next lecture because I am just introducing you to this
Temperature tolerance in terms of extreme temperature optimum temperature winter desiccation
That has to be taken into consideration In terms of water requirements absorption coefficients
of this water intake or movement that is in the tree and the transpiration rate And the
relative humidity and transpiration index Okay Relative humidity of the stomatal cavity
That is going to be taken care of
In terms of bark character the texture colour and the utility In terms of cattle proneness
leaves barks or wood what is being attract or attracting the cattle
In terms of susceptibility to wind flow which are discussed already slender and this ratio
proves root (structure) strength and the branch strength In terms of flowering attributes
various things Size shape density colour texture flowering season for flowering duration and
fragrance Wait for my next set of lectures and I will go into each one of them with samples
and examples and explain scientifically what is what Okay It is just the intro basic level
In terms of routing attributes size shape colour texture fruiting season edible or not
or is it hazardous In terms of pollution sensitivity or pollution resistance there are from the
researches or resources I have found out some of the plants name in that list I am not very
sure how substantial it is but still since I have got a published report so I am just
pressing it to you so that you have in your stock that these are the common plants which
we get in our country in India which are pollution sensitive and these are pollution resistant
okay
And then termite resistant plants This data I have got from the Forest Dept Forest Research
Institute in Dehradun and I have noted down and I have found out that they always classify
this as class I class II class III class IV and cost V as termite resistant plants And
they are all common plants under this So if suppose you are going to make a landscape
in an area which is highly termite infested then these are the trees which are very resistant
So your selection will be automatically very easy to take this data into consideration
But always I will say that you search for the best possible resources which I am always
constantly trying and then another thing is utility or applications in terms of these
Whether a shading utility canopy backdrop physical barrier visual barrier separator
guiding view or orientation or accentuation Sorry accentuation came twice Ornamental groundcover
dust or noise interceptor medicinal household or fuel building construction erosion resistance
So when you are looking at the utility or the applications of the plant materials you
are saying with respect to this Wait for my next lectures in this all details will be
shown with examples
This brings me to the end of this series of lectures of the basics and fundamentals I
have just given a very brief bibliography here but I can tell you if you can get hold
of these books and read it through you will be highly benefited Many of my points which
I have brought here they are referred from this particular book but altogether if I really
be frank with you maybe more than 300 books on landscapes and all other aspects drainage
landform and other aspects rendering of landscape all these I have studied
And my research team is constantly working and they are doing PhD under this Okay So
this bibliography is not enough It is just few which are in front of you If you read
this my 1st point is if you read this you get a good amount of idea but be interested
My focus of you know a purpose of giving this particular lecture offering this at the national
level is essentially to make people interested in the landscape and site planning
But I will tell you this is only the tip of the iceberg So what we have learnt is the
basics and fundamentals with respect to this What lies ahead Let me just give that intro
What next in future Most likely I am not very sure but most likely it would be floated in
the month of August If my lectures have created a bit of interest in your mind you share this
with your friends and families make them interested try to learn more through my next level that
is advanced applications in which I am just giving you many of it that what all are likely
to be discussed
We have Plant science and Maintenance In This Plant Science And Maintenance I Am Going To
Discuss Whatever I did not discuss here I kept it for the next level where I will go
deeper into it with all plantation sciences and then the real way how you should handle
in the landscape projects that will come Okay Storm Water Management which I deliberately
kept it in the next section so that you know I can do justice with the detailing engineering
aspects of it
Indoor Landscape Terrace Landscape Residential Landscape Park Planning Avenue Landscape Bonsai
Plantation Desert Landscape And Environmental Control Forest Recreation Landscape And Brownfield
Landscape
If you now go through this you have gone through the 1st set of lectures of 8 weeks if you
now go through the next set of lectures of 12 weeks I am very confident that you have
a very good idea about the entire landscape process on the subject How you imbibe it how
you extend your knowledge beyond this and how you practice it it is up to you but I
will be very happy if suppose people who have registered for this particular course I am
very thankful to them that you have registered and you have taken interest to learn this
particular course
And this is a neverending study So in man next set of lectures in the part 2 in advanced
applications when it will be through from then on I would advise you that you can always
be in touch with me and try to know more and more and more I will be very happy to communicate
with you and you can always shoot a mail to me for any further clarifications Thank you
very much for joining this course All the best Thank you
